The World Health Organization (WHO) wants to raise awareness of the hepatitis virus worldwide because the death rate is still high. In the context of World Hepatitis Day which is commemorated every July 28, WHO stated that one person dies every 30 seconds due to hepatitis. "We must accelerate better prevention, diagnosis and treatment to save lives and improve health outcomes," as written on the WHO website.
To note that there are five main types of hepatitis viruses, namely A, B, C, D, and E. Hepatitis B and C are the most common types and cause 1.3 million deaths and 2.2 million new cases of infection each year.
According to WHO data, there are 304 million people living with chronic hepatitis B and C in 2022. However, only 45 percent of babies in the world received the hepatitis B vaccine within 24 hours of birth in 2022. The death toll from hepatitis B and C in 2022 was recorded at 1.3 million people.
What is Hepatitis?
Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver that can be caused by various factors, including virus infections, excessive alcohol consumption, certain medications, and other medical conditions. This disease can be acute (short-term) or chronic (long-term). Here are some of the most common types of hepatitis:
Virus Hepatitis
Hepatitis B: Caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV). The virus is spread through contact with the blood or other body fluids of an infected person. Hepatitis B can become chronic and cause long-term liver damage, including cirrhosis and liver cancer.
Hepatitis C: Caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV). The virus is usually spread through contact with infected blood, often through the use of unsterile needles. Hepatitis C often becomes chronic and can lead to serious complications such as cirrhosis and liver cancer.
Hepatitis D: Caused by the hepatitis D virus (HDV) and only occurs in people who are already infected with hepatitis B, because HDV requires HBV to replicate. Co-infection with HBV and HDV can cause more severe liver disease.
Hepatitis E: Caused by the hepatitis E virus (HEV). The virus is spread through consumption of contaminated food or water. Hepatitis E is usually acute and does not cause chronic infection, but it can be serious in pregnant women.
Non-Virus Hepatitis
Alcoholic Hepatitis: Caused by excessive alcohol consumption, which damages liver cells and causes inflammation.
Autoimmune Hepatitis: Occurs when the immune system attacks liver cells, causing inflammation and liver damage.
Drug Hepatitis: Caused by a reaction to certain medications that can damage the liver.
Hepatitis Symptoms
Hepatitis symptoms can vary depending on the cause and severity of the disease. Common symptoms include:
- Fatigue
- Nausea and vomiting
- Abdominal pain or discomfort
- Loss of appetite
- Low-grade fever
- Dark urine
- Pale stools
- Yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice)
Prevention and Treatment
Prevention: Vaccinations are available for hepatitis A and B. Good hygiene practices, avoiding excessive alcohol consumption, using sterile needles, and practicing safe sex can also help prevent hepatitis.
Treatment: Treatment for hepatitis depends on the type and cause. Hepatitis A usually does not require specific treatment and resolves on its own. Chronic hepatitis B and C may require antiviral medications to reduce liver damage. Alcoholic hepatitis requires stopping alcohol consumption, while autoimmune hepatitis may be treated with immunosuppressant medications.
With proper treatment and effective prevention, many cases of hepatitis can be well managed, reducing the risk of serious complications.
Overall, hepatitis is a serious medical condition involving inflammation of the liver, with a variety of causes including viral infections, excessive alcohol consumption, drug reactions, and autoimmune disorders. It can be acute or chronic, and symptoms range from mild to severe. Prevention through vaccination, good hygiene practices, and a healthy lifestyle are essential to reduce the risk of hepatitis infection.
Treatment for hepatitis depends on the type and cause, with some forms requiring intensive medical care to prevent long-term complications such as cirrhosis or liver cancer. Therefore, understanding hepatitis and its prevention measures is essential to maintaining liver health and overall well-being.
With proper treatment and increased awareness, we can reduce the impact of hepatitis on society and improve the quality of life for those affected. Stay vigilant, take care of your liver health, and consult a medical professional if you experience symptoms or are at risk of developing hepatitis.
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